Ultramarine (blue) was originally made from the semi-precious stone lapis lazuli. According to Western records, it began in the 12th century, while the East was made as early as the 6th century. The name comes from Italian, meaning "blue from the sea", because lapis lazuli came from Afghanistan and other eastern countries. After a series of complicated and arduous flotation procedures, celestite can be separated from the associated gray gangue. True ultramarine is the most expensive of all painting materials, more than twice as expensive as gold of the same weight.
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